Pricing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Estimating paper - Essay Example The estimating for these vehicles are determinant with the solace and extravagance they give (Genat 12). Determinants of the value The primary determinants of evaluating and request are genuinely comparable between the general market and the cross breed showcase, however vary altogether between vehicle models or brands. Valuing of extravagance and non-extravagance vehicle varies because of this thought. Specifically, it is uncovered that a moderately solid inclination for fuel genius exists in the business sectors for half and halves vehicles, some vehicle brands, and cars (Thatchenkery 32). This proclivity for fuel cleverness, nonetheless, is naturally eclipsed by more grounded affection for torque, solace, security and weight, attributes that are negatively related to a vehicle’s fuel advertise. The 2014 Chevrolet Malibu situated at fifteen out of twenty two reasonable medium size vehicles. This positioning is related with investigation of accessible audits and test drives o f the vehicle, just as constancy and insurance information. Car specialists affirm that the 2014 Chevrolet Malibu has a quiet and agreeably planned inside that is worked with normally delicate touch materials. Commentators affirm that the Malibu has loose and roomy front seats. These extravagance characteristics are valuing determinants for such model or items. Chevy improved back traveler room, yet spoilers guarantee that the Malibu’s back seat requires more legroom. Other solid impacts on request and valuing include brand or model-based status, insurance appraisals, and brand makers, despite the fact that the serious advantage picked up by singular nationality over another varies between models (Malibu 1-2). The outer weights on request fused in the half and half condition help the model’s unmistakable power however don't dominate the impact of vehicle conditions. Nonetheless, issues, for example, accommodation based motivators, environmentalism, middle returns, norm al travel time, and age all effectsly affect half and half interest and valuing, while duty and cost-based impetuses and other segment issues don't appear to stir acquisition of mixtures. Gas cost just pay as significant if not conspiring for environmentalism, which is plausible an aftereffect of the cross-sectional condition of the information. Ongoing changes in the gracefully and request 2014 Chevrolet Malibu costs are not influenced such a great amount by flexibly and request since they are altered to focused customers. Discounts and motivating forces are showcasing strategies that are utilized to present new models in the market. Discounts are accessible on 2014 Chevrolet Malibu as special strategies. On the off chance that one is in the market for a novel vehicle, they look at the most recent vehicle limits or impetuses being offered at vendors rate (Malibu 1-2). This keeps vehicle customers proficient with as often as possible refreshed data on financing offers, money discoun ts, and renting openings that are as of now available on each model and model. Customers peruse vehicle discounts and motivations from producer, or vehicle. They think about refunds and motivating forces on various models. This is a pattern customers use to guarantee they buy the items, best case scenario bargain. Refunds on items are showcasing and advancement strategies that guide evaluating of item to satisfy wanted needs. Outside Influences External impacts are valuing contemplations that organizations must place into thought to guarantee they accomplish piece of the overall industry. Insights about government

University Education for Women Free Essays

Research paper Essay theme: ladies ought to be required to attempt an advanced degree in creating nations. In today’s current life, the job of ladies has become increasingly more significant in monetary development. Be that as it may, in numerous nations, particularly in creating nations, low female instructive rate is large issue. We will compose a custom article test on College Education for Women or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now This exposition contends that ladies ought to be required to embrace an advanced degree in creating nations. The principal motivation behind why ladies ought to be required to attempt an advanced degree in creating nations is that it can influence decidedly some social issues, for example, family arranging and lack of education rate. Individuals need to realize that in most creating nations, the education pace of guys is altogether higher than females. For instance, the level of educated guys in Vietnam is 94. 0% while the level of proficient females is 86. 9% (Phan et al. , 2004, para 3). So also, as indicated by Chandramouli (2011), the educated male’s rate (86. 9%) is a lot higher than the level of proficient females (65. 5%) in India. Consequently, ladies should take an advanced degree to rise to the harmony among guys and female’s education rate. Besides, if ladies take tertiary instruction, they may have more information to comprehend the significance of family wanting to abstain from having multiple kids. Another significant explanation is that ladies assume a basic job in family proficiency. As per Bhandari Smith (1997), mother’s education is identified with preschool children’s information, language and proficiency abilities. For example, a mother is an individual who is nearest to kids in a family so mother’s conduct hugy affect kids. In the event that guardians, particularly moms have terrible conduct, their kids may copy those activities. Conversely, if moms have high information, they can instruct their kids better. They may recount to their youngsters important stories to enable kids to realize what is acceptable or not and improve in school. Having high training of moms additionally brings better medicinal services for their kids. Along these lines, it is better for ladies to embrace college training in creating nations which have higher birth rate. At long last, ladies with college training may have more open doors for occupations or higher social position. The facts confirm that ladies who have more significant levels of training, particularly tertiary instruction can find a decent line of work simpler. High-instructed ladies can have fundamental information and social aptitudes which they had learnt in colleges to land position in today’s society in creating nations which are male-overwhelmed social orders previously. Ladies have a few characteristics that men don't have, for example, adaptability, performing various tasks so on the off chance that they have high-taught, they can be more fruitful than man. Besides, having a college degree can assist ladies with having higher social position. For instance, in some creating nations, numerous high taught ladies hold a significant job in the state mechanical assembly, for example, Yingluck Shinawatra-Thailand’s first female PM. Taking everything into account, ladies ought to be required to embrace a college degree in creating nations on account of its impact to some social issues and its job in family education just as individual’s benefits. Obviously government and networks ought to know about the significance of women’s instruction to improve our general public. References list: 1. Bhandari, R. Smith, F. J. (1997), Available from: http://www. jrre. psu. edu/articles/v13,n3,p183-196,Bhandari. pdf [Accessed: May 5, 2012]. 2. Chandramouli, C. , (2011), Available from: http://censusindia. gov. in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011. pdf [Accessed: May 3, 2012]. 3. Phan, T. , Bilgin, A. ,Eyland, A. , Shaw, P. (2004), . Accessible from: http://detail. mq. edu. au/Stats_docs/research_papers/2004/Literacy_in_Vietnam_-_an_atlas. pdf [Accessed: May 11, 2012] Step by step instructions to refer to University Education for Women, Papers

Blog Archive MBA News New Wharton Dean Emphasizes Asia-Pacific Sensibility

Blog Archive MBA News New Wharton Dean Emphasizes Asia-Pacific Sensibility This week, the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School announced the appointment of Geoffrey Garrett as its new dean. Effective July 1, Garrett will succeed Thomas Robertson, when Robertson’s seven-year term comes to an end. “Geoff Garrett has a proven track record as an eminent interdisciplinary scholar and strong and collaborative strategic leader,” noted university president Amy Gutmann. “He has a deep understanding of Wharton’s distinctive mission and a compelling vision for the role of business schools in an era of rapid change and globalization.” Currently serving as dean and professor of business at the Australian School of Business at the University of New South Wales, Garrett brings two decades of international administrative experience to his appointment at Wharton. In addition, Garrett has served as the dean of the Business School at the University of Sydney (where he was also the founder/CEO of the United States Studies Centre) and as president of the Pacific Council on International Policy in Los Angeles. He has also held positions at several other institutions, including UCLA, Oxford University and Stanford University. Garrett’s vision for the school, Bloomberg reports, will entail “helping Ivy League students understand the rest of the world.” In particular, this avowed global vision for Wharton will attempt to connect MBAs to new business opportunities in parts of the world that are often overlooked because of the geographical biases of Northeast U.S. business schools. Garrett explains: “It’s the Asia-Pacific century and that’s the sensibility that I’ll bring to the Wharton job.” His international scope also aims to curb a post-recession lull in applicants to Wharton’s finance-heavy MBA program. “Finance is coming back and Wharton is too,” Garrett stated. “There are opportunities to take a big picture view of the role of finance after the financial crisis.” Meanwhile, we await word of a new admissions director, who we imagine will arrive before the admissions season kicks off in late May. Share ThisTweet News University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Chemical Reactions, Catalysts, And Gas Laws - 983 Words

What started out as an April Fools’ Joke of a topic turned into a serious chemistry examination all thanks to a video from Scientific American. This video and article discusses a group of beetles called Bombardier Beetles. This insect has a very interesting and has a unique defense mechanism that gives the group it’s common name. They spray a very hot toxic liquid to discourage predators. Interestingly, the bug doesn’t use muscular contractions to discharge the deterrent, it uses an explosion inside its body. (Augenbraun,2016). There are three concepts that can be addressed regarding this explosive reaction that we have covered in our class: chemical reactions, catalysts, and gas laws. Chemical reactions are where one or more substances are changed into another or multiple other substances based on the properties of the reactants. We learned about 4 types of reactions; Synthesis or where reactants A B combine and create product AB, Decomposition where subs tance AB is broken apart into substances A and B, Substitution reaction where reactants A and BC get rearranged into products AC and B, and finally the double replacement reaction where reactants AB and BC react and make products AD and BC. According to the Scientific American Article by Augenbraun, the beetle combines two compounds, hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide which together are non-reactive. But then peroxidase enzymes are added, which acts as catalysts that not only makes it toxic but causes it toShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affect The Rate Of Reaction Of A Chemical Reaction1154 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of reaction in a chemical reaction. Catalysts achieve this by lowering the amount of energy required for a reaction to take place, which means that it occurs at a quicker rate. Potentially, molecules that would once have taken years to interact, can take seconds with the addition of a catalyst. The overall purpose of a catalyst is to ensure that reactions proceed effec tively which is why a range of catalysts are commonly used in many elements of society. Common examples of where catalysts are usedRead MoreThe Effect Of Concentration On The Rate Of Reaction1563 Words   |  7 Pageswill result will be a slower rate of reaction. Therefore, it is also hypothesised that the addition of a catalyst will cause the rate of those reactions to speed up, was proven correct by the results of this experiment, in that the changing of the concentration and the addition of a catalyst changed the speed at which the reaction occurred. The results from both Part 1 and Part 2 conclusively showing that the have a direct effect on the rate at which the reaction occurs. In order to come to this conclusionRead MoreChemical Reactions And Gas Laws1284 Words   |  6 Pagesshame and all around is frowned upon in public. Despite its harsh reputation, flatulence is normal, and everyone experiences it throughout his or her daily lives. Flatulence is directly related to th e world of chemistry, both involving chemical reactions and gas laws. In the end, while flatulence might be the cause of smelly situations, it also shows that chemistry is not limited to the laboratory, it is seen throughout the world, even in the human body. When people think of flatulence, they areRead MoreKinetics Lab793 Words   |  4 PagesHydrogen Peroxide Introduction: Chemical reactions are dependent upon two factors: temperature and concentrations of substance. We can monitor the rate at which a chemical decomposes or the rate at which a chemical substance appears. In this experiment we will be measuring the rate of decomposition of hydrogen dioxide with the following reaction: 2 H202 (aq) 4 2 H20 (l) + 02 (g) We can trap the oxygen gas created into a container thus showing the extent of the reaction and this will show the rateRead MoreA Study On Chemical Reactions1562 Words   |  7 Pages 006/7th Review of Literature A chemical reaction is the â€Å"communication† (or interaction) between elements (Green, 2012). Chemical reactions can happen naturally or can be caused by a person. They can even happen inside of a living being (Newmark, 2000). Some chemical reactions can just happen randomly and others need different amounts of energy for them to occur. Heat can provide chemicals with the energy for this to happen. For example, dynamite is extremelyRead MoreThe Six Branches Of Chemistry1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe study of the structure, properties, and preparation of chemical compounds that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen. organic chemistry the study of most carbon containing compounds INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and behaviour of inorganic compounds. It covers all chemical compounds except organic compounds. Inorganic chemists study things such as crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts, and most elements in the Periodic Table. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYRead MoreKinetics Of Acid Catalysed Propanone / Iodine Reaction1476 Words   |  6 PagesAcid-Catalysed Propanone/Iodine Reaction Equation for the reaction : CH3COCH3(aq) + I2(aq) —— CH3COCH2I(aq) + H+(aq) + I–(aq) Iodine + Propanone — Iodopropanone + Hydrogen (cation) + Iodine (anion) Introduction: Aims: To vary the concentrations of each reactant along with the sulphuric acid in order to observe and measure its effect on the overall rate of reaction in absorbance using colourimetry. 2) Calculate the a mean rate constant using orders of reactions and the rate equationRead MoreThe Principles Of Chemical Kinetics1442 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciples of chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and the mechanism in a chemical reaction.2 The rate of the chemical reaction can be represented as the change in concentration of a solution with time. Also, the rate reaction can be express in an equation known as the rate law. The rate law can be express as rate=f([A],[B],[C],†¦) (1) where the rate reaction is represented as a function of the concentrations in the chemical equation with time.3 The general chemical reaction can be shownRead MoreCalculating Quantities And Classification Of Chemical Reactions1981 Words   |  8 PagesClassification of Chemical Reactions Lab Purpose: I. The objective of this laboratory experiment is to be able to identify and precisely classify each reaction as one of the five different types of chemical reactions by comparing the reactants from the product. II. The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to accurately calculate quantities of the products and the reactants, Aluminum and Copper (II) Chloride, in the chemical reaction to determine its percent yield. Data Tables: I. Reaction #1 ObservationRead MoreReducing Toxic Emissions with a Catalytic Converter828 Words   |  3 Pagescomprised of two types of catalysts. Whereby these catalysts don’t take place in any reactions happening but only triggers them. The diagram shows how less harmful gases are produced to the atmosphere by the reduction catalyst and oxidation catalyst. The three way catalytic converter uses two stages to accomplish the process of reducing toxic emissions, the first stage takes place on the reduction catalyst. The second stage of the process happens on the oxidation catalyst. Platinum and rhodium are

Physics of Basketball - 640 Words

Physics takes part in our everyday lives without us even recognizing it. In simple every day functions like when we walk, how our vehicles function properly, and even how we play sports. We go on each day with no recognition of physics until it is pointed out to us. The concept of physics is the study of fundamental structures and interactions in the physical universe. We learn physics to get a better understanding of the universe and the objects in it (Ostdiek). Now, that I have given you a brief description of what physics is and why we learn it, I am going to tell you how physics applies to shooting a basketball. Shooting a basketball is a simple concept. All you do is align your feet towards the goal, put the ball in place, and then shoot; easy right? Not exactly, just because you do these steps does not mean you will get a perfect shot every time and make the basket. First, were going to start with setting the shot up with a dribble, most players can shoot off of the dribble. When dribbling a basketball a shooter releases the ball towards the floor with a force that makes the ball come back into their palm. When the force of the ball goes toward the floor with different speeds it causes the ball to have a different velocity which can make the ball come back into the dribblers hand much quicker. We can also look at dribbling through energy. When a shooter is holding the basketball it has potential energy. Upon the balls release to the floor, the potential energy isShow MoreRelated The Physics of Basketball Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The NBA playoffs are making the headlines all over. Every news channel, sports channel, and newspaper has a story about the big games. Everyone is making bets as to who will be the big champions. Will it be the defending champions, Los Angeles Lakers, or will it possibly be one of the underdogs. This is the most intensive time of year for basketball fans as they watch the teams battle out the game. Up and down the court, the turnovers, rebounds, fast breaks, andRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The more and more I look around I begin to see how physics are integrated into practically everything that we do. These things would surely go unnoticed without making a conscious effort to notice them. For example simple things like riding a bike, or driving a car, or playing catch with a son or daughter. Just as these activities are loaded with elements of physics, sports are also, especially basketball. Physics play a part in every aspect of the game, from dribblingRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1950 Words   |  8 PagesThe Physics of Basketball There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will coverRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1832 Words   |  8 PagesThe Physics of Basketball Introduction Any child can pick up a basketball, bounce it a few times, and throw it at the hoop without realizing the complex physics he is involving himself in. However, a greater understanding of the sport can be gained by applying the principles of physics to these actions. Through this paper I will be examining the physics of dribbling and shooting. For the equations, I will use a standard men’s basketball with a mass of 25 oz. (0.7 kg) and a diameter of 9.39†Read More Physics of Basketball Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pagesgreatest game of all time. Basketball was invented December 1891 at a YMCA gymnasium in Springfield, Massachusetts. The game was invented to be an indoor game for students to play during the cold winter months since there were no previous indoor game that could involve a whole class. Basketball started out with only 13 rules that were made by Naismith in 1891 and the rules have continued to grow and change up to present day. The change that had the biggest impact on how basketball is played was the introductionRead MoreChapter 4 : Displacement Of The Basketball1182 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 4: Displacement of the basketball Part 1: Fundamentals As there are many different aspects of physics found in the sport of basketball, I am going to summarise and talk about the fundamental physics that always take place on a basketball when moving, I will be defining the aspect of physics from prior knowledge and also, evaluating and explaining the main aspects of physics found in basketball and how they are applicable. The main elements of physics found in basketball that I will be analysingRead MoreThe Force to Dribble a Basketball833 Words   |  4 PagesIf you think about it, it’s almost impossible to measure the force that it takes to dribble a basketball, unless you have the right tools. Let’s just think about the basic physics that you should know. In order to dribble a basketball you need to apply enough force for the ball to go from your hand to the floor and back up to your hand. When the ball is in your hand it is holding potential energy. Potential energy is the energy that is about to be transferred into kinetic energy, which is when theRead More Personal History Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages I am satisfied with what I have become; a student specializing in Physics with special interests in experimental Condensed Matter Physics. I grew up in a very small town. A town not fully developed; there were very few resources and not many quality schools to acquire a solid education. I had to pass an entrance exam to get into a good school for 8th grade at a time when most students in my town would drop out of school after 7th grade in order to search for work and support their families. Read MoreBasketball Vs. Basketball822 Words   |  4 PagesThese were the exact words of basketball hall of famer Michael Jordan, a person who can be debated as the greatest basketball player ever. This quote means more than just how to be successful in basketball; it means that making mistakes is part of the journey to a prosperous life, but not taking chances strays from the path to success. In today’s world, people have to be competitive to succeed in anything. The formula for both a â€Å"good† life and successful basketball career requires many similar thingsRead MoreReflection Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesfiber of my mind and body are like a magnet captivated by the enlightening content embedded in the pages. It is a powerful feeling that piques my curiosity to its fullest. And it has continued to grow ever since I sat down on the first day of my AP Physics 1 class– September 2, 2015 – in room 3-202. I still vividly remember the inquisitive young boy I was in that class, each day always eager and excited to open the door and enter this sacred place that promoted intellectual freedom and truth: a rigorous

The Hawala Extortion Method - 18441 Words

HAWALA INTRODUCTION [pic] Among the methods terrorists worldwide use to move money from regions that finance them to target countries some hardly leave any traceable trail. As regulators learned recently, one of the weak points in the payments chain through which illicit funds can enter is a system of traditional trust-based banking originating in southern Asia which is known as hawala. The word hawala is Hindi meaning trust or exchange. Often used in relation with the word hundi which stands for bill of exchange hawala is an unofficial alternative remittance and money exchange system enabling the transfer of funds without their actual physical move. Traditional financial institutions may be involved†¦show more content†¦For instance, in May and June 2001 the State Bank of Pakistan was said to have turned to hawala shops in Islamabad to buy dollars in order to support the own currency. Even top-ranking Western corporations turn to hawaladers for transactions to regions without a modern western-style banking system. In several OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) member countries, licensed traders legally perform hawala. OECD Member Countries (And Year of joining) |Australia (1971) |Austria (1961) |Belgium (1961) | |Canada (1961) |Czech Republic (1995) |Denmark (1961) | |Finland (1969) |France (1961) |Germany (1961) | |Greece (1961) |Hungary (1996) |Iceland (1961) | |Ireland (1961) |Italy (1961) |Japan (1964) | |The Netherlands (1961) |New Zealand (1973) |Norway (1961) | |Poland (1996)Show MoreRelatedNature and Causes of Global Money Laundering8912 Words   |  36 Pages 9 Money laundering and Globalization 13 Nature of Money laundering 14 Methods of Money Laundering 17 Causes of Money laundering 19 The Economic Effect of Money LaunderingRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 Pageswill lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional Doctrinal research method. As most of the information can be sought form the available literature. So the researcher has chosen doctrinal method as method of research for the present article and has used books, journals, research articles for preparation of the same. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the research work is ToRead MoreMoney Laundering13123 Words   |  53 Pageswhich is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. Money Laundering is being employed by launderers worldwide to conceal criminal activity associated with it such as drug / arms trafficking, terrorism and extortion. Robinson states that â€Å"Money laundering is called what it is because that perfectly describes what takes place – illegal, or dirty, money is put through a cycle of transactions, or washed, so that it comes out the other end as legal, or cleans

Juvenile Justice Laws

Question: Write your paper comparing and contrasting each program. Include the following elements in your paper: A detailed description of each program (including APA citation and references as to where you found the information) Goals, successes, and failures of each program Your conclusion about which program you think would be most effective in treating and rehabilitating juvenile delinquents Answer: Comparative study of Juvenile Justice Aftercare Programs Introduction The contemporary times has witnessed a growing concern for the increasing crowd in the juvenile correctional facilities (Bernard Kurlychek, 2010). With each passing day there are high rates of recidivism, increasing expenses for confinement and this has generated adequate interest in the efforts to bring in changes and innovation in the aftercare programs of the juveniles and in the practice and philosophy of parole. Regrettably, it has been observed that the field of juvenile corrections has a miserable record for the reduction of the rates of offenders of juveniles who have been released from secure confinement. Research on the juvenile justice aftercare programs have indicated that if failure occurs with subgroups of released juveniles it is seen that most of these offenders have a long record of misconduct that generally commences at a very early age (Benekos Merlo, 2008). These youths who are at high risks exhibit a particular and constant style of justice system such as arrests, placements or adjudication and are also plagued by some other risk factors based on several needs (Halbrook, 2013). Usually these factors are combined with various problems such as ones relating to family, peer pressure, difficulties in school and substance abuse. Additionally, these need related problems are also accompanied by other ancillary requirements and problems. In order to counter these issues in juvenile justice system, a number of Community-Based Aftercare Programs has been organized in the past few decades in different states of the United States. These aftercare programs mainly focus on the serious juvenile offenders and take steps to intensive supervision to ensure safety of the public and aid in the proper reintegration process which allows these offenders to be released before their term as a result reduce recidivism in those juveniles who are released from residential facilities (Hill, Lockyer Stone, 2007). In this study the researcher examines two aftercare programs prevalent in the United States and makes a comparative analysis between them. Juvenile Justice Aftercare Programs Juvenile Justice Aftercare program introduced by the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs had introduced intensive aftercare programs for the high risk juveniles. This model involves the assessment and relevant research on the implementation and operation of aftercare programs based on the juveniles released from correctional facilities (Dum Fader, 2013). Further it involves the development of appropriate program models and such policies which would be helpful for the states, correctional agencies and policy makers. The project design also includes the making of prototypes and such policies and procedures so that a proper training and technical assistance can be created. Later these prototypes are tested and implemented in different jurisdictions. In order to deal with the different types of risk factors related to these juveniles the juvenile aftercare program model is formed to deal with the problems (Evans-Chase Zhou, 2012). The schematic model has been shown below. This theory driven empirical model focuses on these risk factors and models and also creates clear and comprehensive guidelines which have specific and tangible programs and are based on the required services. The primary goals of this aftercare program is to reduce recidivism of the juvenile parolee population, structure the juvenile justice delivery system and research on the size, nature and availability in different states of United States. This Intensive Aftercare Program is based on the following principles required for reintegration. Firstly, it prepares the youth for gaining responsibility and freedom in the community (Frederick Roy, 2003). Secondly, it facilitates communication and involvement of the youth; thirdly, it focuses on working with offenders and community support systems which are essential for interaction and successful return of the juveniles to the society (Montague, 2003). Fourthly the program tends to develop new resources and support whenever required and finally is also monitors the ability of the youth to work productively with the community. States such as California has adopted this aftercare program to implement it in their state. The next program to deal with is an initiative of the Juvenile Law Center which based its aftercare model on the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Model to change the aftercare reform situation in the states . This model was implemented in the state of Pennsylvania and a Joint Policy Statement on Aftercare was developed to deal with the juvenile system. Some of the key state agencies adopted this Model in 2005 and since then this Joint Policy Statement has become an organizing tool for efforts of reform, aspiration that is also converted into policies and procedures. The Policy defines aftercare as a commencement of disposition (Wells, 2006). It implies that the program identifies the connections to aftercare services and support programs for the youth in placement. The primary aim of the Model is to improve the aftercare services for the juveniles and also supervise these juveniles so that juveniles get a chance to succeed after releasing from the correctional homes. The program contributes to the workgroups all over the state to address aftercare and work with stakeholders from the courts, education system and probation. These reform efforts are coordinated at the country and state levels so that these efforts have a much wider and national perspective. The Model tends to ensure that the juvenile youths develop skills to become productive members of the communities when they return to their societies. Conclusion A constructive comparison of the two models of Juvenile aftercare depict that the primary aims and objectives of these programs is to ensure that the juveniles are successfully returned to their societies. However the approach of the two models are different and hence the result and success of these Models would differ. It has been observed that the Intensive Aftercare Program established by the United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs tend to have more emphasis and a better success rate due to the main fact that the Model is more focused on the involvement of the youth and the relationship between them and the community support system. Whereas the later model used in Pennsylvania needs to be more constructive and focused. The juvenile aftercare models of the state must ensure that the juveniles are dealt with maturity and the models should focus more on the communities also where the juvenile are sent after they are released. References Benekos, P., Merlo, A. (2008). Juvenile Justice: The Legacy of Punitive Policy.Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice,6(1), 28-46. doi:10.1177/1541204007308423 Bernard, T., Kurlychek, M. (2010).The cycle of juvenile justice. New York: Oxford University Press. Dum, C., Fader, J. (2013). These Are Kids Lives!: Dilemmas and Adaptations of Juvenile Aftercare Workers.Justice Quarterly,30(5), 784-810. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.628946 Evans-Chase, M., Zhou, H. (2012). A Systematic Review of the Juvenile Justice Intervention Literature: What It Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About What Works With Delinquent Youth.Crime Delinquency,60(3), 451-470. doi:10.1177/0011128712466931 Frederick, B., Roy, D. (2003).Recidivism among youth released from the Youth Leadership Academy to the City Challenge Intensive Aftercare Program. Albany, NY: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. Halbrook, K. (2013).Nobody but us. New York: HarperTeen. Hill, M., Lockyer, A., Stone, F. (2007).Youth justice and child protection. London: J. Kingsley Publishers. Montague, K. (2003).Aftercare strategy. [Baltimore, Md.]: Maryland Dept. of Juvenile Justice. ncjrs,.Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles. Retrieved 24 January 2015, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/juvcc.pdf Wells, J. (2006). A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Shock Incarceration and Aftercare Program for Juvenile Offenders.Youth Violence And Juvenile Justice,4(3), 219-233. doi:10.1177/1541204006290153

Fortino Tafoya Essays (759 words) - Education, Psychology

Fortino Tafoya EDUC-113 Garcia 5-12-18 "How to Motivate Learning: Alternatives to Rewards" Reflection Educators have a responsibility to students that is separate from simply creating a space where they are comfortable and happy. As educators, we have a responsibility to challenge, hold accountable, pay attention to, modify, and adapt for our students. That is not to say we should shy away from our other responsibility, the responsibility to care for and foster our students. Dr. Richard Curwin understands these responsibilities with the professional clarity that only comes from a teacher who cares for his students learning and has been caring about their learning over their total comfort for a long time. His blog post, "How to Motivate Learning: Alternatives to Rewards" he details briefly his reasons for not using rewards or incentive-based learning in his classroom, then goes on to offer three alternatives to using rewards that are honest, caring and put learning and challenging students first, rather than using a reward or treat to get them to perform. Reading Curwin's article made me think about Pavlovian methods of behavior modification and why we use rewards in the first place. In fact, he frames his three suggestions as the necessary result of telling teachers to take away rewards in his other article, "Why Giving Bonus Money to Better Teachers Is Wrong." If you are going to take something away you must replace it with something, this is basic behavior modification strategy that he is using on his readers. But it also illustrates the way that reward systems and behavior modification can be boring and feel routine. In our EDUC-113 class, professor Garcia has gone over the use of rewards and incentives in our classrooms and one of the biggest takeaways I received was the idea to use the rules themselves as an incentive. Allowing students to create their own policies and rules if they can display proper behavior seems like a brilliant idea to me and one that can "show appreciation," "introduce an appropriate challenge" and "show genuine care", these are all three of Curwin's suggestions being used together combining an incentive with a rule - genius! I see myself using this strategy and reward in my own classrooms in the future. It is my goal to work with my junior high or high school students on understanding each other: my expectations, their own capacity for self-control and responsibility to let them create their own class rules and procedures for things like walking into class, talking during class, taking turns, how to form groups, etc. Other than this incentive and structured extra credit opportunities, I do not plan on using many incentives in my classroom. One key point in Curwin's article is when he mentions showing appreciation as an alternative to rewards, which use manipulation. I latched on to this when I remembered an example I had while substitute teaching in an 8th grade English class. A student was doing more talking than working and we had a collaborative assignment where students read stories and shared the story they read with a group then they all reflected in writing on the stories. This student hardly wrote anything on the page. I could have offered a reward if the student would finish but instead I noticed the boys perfect handwriting. I asked the student where he was at in the assignment then complimented him on his amazingly neat and clear handwriting. He was taken back a bit but then he said thank you, no one had ever complimented his hand writing before. This student was also a disabled student whose other hand did not have any fingers. I felt that this bit of appreciation was more powerful than an extra 5 minute s of lunch or a treat, because the student was smiling, felt proud and then almost completed the assignment. Small examples like this are way that show the huge power of appreciation over a reward. That student and I also made a connection as I was the first person to notice and compliment something about them. I truly believe Curwin's main point, that teacher's have a deeper responsibility to students is expressed in his desire to connect with and understand his students. The use of appreciation, analyzing

A Scandal in Bohemia Essays

A Scandal in Bohemia Essays A Scandal in Bohemia Essay A Scandal in Bohemia Essay The way Arthur Conan Doyle sets up the plot helps to create and sustain suspense. In the story, A Scandal in Bohemia, Conan Doyle has used Holmes skills to create a plot in which the readers dont know exactly how the plot is going to unravel. You must not interfere, come what may. You understand? I am to be neutral? To do nothing whatever. There will probably be some unpleasantness. Do not join in. (Quote taken from A Scandal in Bohemia Pg. 25) this is where Holmes doesnt unravel what hes going to do exactly to Watson. In all three of the stories, Holmes doesnt unravel everything he knows to Watson, only when the time is right and Holmes has got somewhere in his mystery will he unravel what he has found out, this creates and suspense. Dr Watson feels the same way as the audience and this is what effects the readers, the audience doesnt know what relevance some stunts pulled by Holmes are. Holmes, with his skill of disguise turns into an old man and hire people to start a fight, this is what interests the audience as when its revealed, the readers are amazed how Holmes though of such a thing to do. When Holmes asks if Watson minds breaking the law, the readers know something thrilling is going to take place. You dont mind breaking the law? Not in the least Nor running a chance of arrest? Not in a good cause Oh, the cause is excellent! Then I am you man. (quote taken from A Scandal in Bohemia Pg. 24) Holmes doesnt explain what hes going to do in detail, the details he gives are vague but is enough information to create and sustain suspense. At this moment, readers may pause and try solving the mysteries themselves. In The Speckled Band when Sherlock Holmes is examining the bedroom, he senses that something is unusual about the room. He states a few points singling them out, the audience want to know what importance the things Holmes points out. Arthur Conan Doyle wanted to drop drop little hints to the readers who were trying to crack the mystery. Theses hints were here to ensure the readers interet, Conan Doyle sustained suspense as the magazines were issues on a weekly basis. The readers are also involved into the story as well, the little hints that Holmes gives, gets the readers guessing. Here are a few quotes taken from The Speckled Band where Holmes feels theres something unusual about the bell pull. Where does that bell communicate with? Why, its a dummy. No, its not even attached to a wire. This is very interesting. You can see now that it is fastened to a hook just above where the little opening of the ventilator is. He sums up the bell pull in two words Very strange! This is a sign in the story where the readers may think that Holmes is getting somewhere in the mystery. He has locked his focus onto a few things, this helps him to deduce how the ladys step-daughter got murdered.

Law Quarterly Review 2005 Pepper v Hart and matters of constitutional Essay

Law Quarterly Review 2005 Pepper v Hart and matters of constitutional principle Aileen Kavanagh - Essay Example That is the eventual channel on concurrence with the plan and aim of legislation. Also this essay seeks to provide a statute where the understanding of the requirements results in vagueness, murkiness or results to an absurd precedence and cannot be accredited to legislative process (Zander, 2004). The task of any court becomes quite difficult in such a situation as it has to give effect to the statute under consideration and therefore Pepper v. Hart can be seen as one attempt of the Court to solve challenges and the difficult tasks of court in various situations on legislation. The Jury has the essential responsibility of decoding statutes. Generally there is ambiguity in an exceedingly meaning of the statute, either as a result of words have many understandings and explanations, differences of opinion over its rationale, or on the event of a brand new unanticipated state of affairs not lined by the law. Literature recognizes three wholly dissimilar aids, or supposedly rules of construction, the accustomed interpret rules: Mischief Rule, Golden Rule or the Literal Rule. According to Literal Rule words are plainly given their regular or factual meaning. The Golden Rule adjusts the Literal rule by aiming to avoid whichever irrationality or uncertainty (Gordon 2002). On the opposite hand mischief regulation recommends a purposive approach and permits the jury to choose to confer with the operating papers so as to explore out the trouble that the ruling was meant to correct. Though, these rules are simply guiding principle since is no outer management on the judges. Judges will various peripheral sources, glossaries, textbooks, previous statutes or perhaps on working papers as supporting materials. The popular precedent of Pepper v Hart upset the regulation that travaux prà ©peratoires cannot employed and put into thought by the adjudicators. This summarized essay offers a short scrutiny of the choice and its

Risk (Decision) Analysis --Hotel Investment Scenario Assignment

Risk (Decision) Analysis --Hotel Investment Scenario - Assignment Example The research identifies three aspects of risk management ought to receive a high amount of attention. One of these is risk identification the other aspect to consider is that of risk assessment and then there is risk management. The paper seeks to review the issues of risk management and analysis when choosing an investment which in this case is either between Sundowner and Magnifique. Risk Identification and Analysis In the case provided, it is important to analyze the situation of both Sundowner and Magnifique as a study. The study shows how the external and internal risks are vital for identification in any company seeking to succeed (Wagner & Bode, 2009, 138). This is due to fact that risks not only present themselves from outside an organization but also from the interior. The research portrays deeply the various risks that a company has from the outside, which are the demand of the products, the environmental risks that the products have, the physical issues and the supply issu es. Internal risks are other factors that the research portrays for the precise recognition of all the risks involved. This brings to attention the fact that many of the contemporary business people tend to ignore the fact that interior risks are more dangerous than exterior ones and thus this acts as a major cause of failure. Identification of the various internal practices that a company takes is important, and the review and scrutiny of each is vital in that it acknowledges internal risks associated with the planning of the product flow from the producer, control and mitigation that may pose as negligible but very crucial. Risk Assessment After clear identification of the various existing risks, the following step is the risk assessment stage. There are two major types of risk assessment, and these include the quantitative and the qualitative risk management procedures. Indulgence in these key properties is very important in Supply Chain Risk Management research. Both of the proc edures have their importance and exclusion of any of them might have excessive repercussions on a company (Berman & Putu, 2012, 843). This is based on the fact that each one of them has its major points that work towards achieving a fully functioning risk assessment process. Quantitative risk management is the type of management whereby the manager or the responsible personnel identifies various aspects of the risk through calculations and the use of diagrams to assist in the process of resolution (George & Lisa, 2004, 400). The research gets deep into this type of management with the use of various examples and analysis charts for further understanding of risk management. The study also focuses on the qualitative aspect of risk management that involves the review of the various theoretical notions that often bring about the occurrence of risks and consequently try to analyze an example of a company that undergoes this with its provided supply chain. The study also seeks to identify the given five major steps involved in the risk assessment process. This is because for the success of any given policy in an institution, the management team of the company has to ensure that it is free from any previous risk, thus ensuring a smooth flow of workload. The first step that a company should take towards risk assessment is identifying the hazard (Martin & Hau,

Methods of DNA Identification

Methods of DNA Identification To isolate DNA from blood, saliva, buccal swab and betel quid by phenol-chloroform method and chelex method and compare the efficacy of both the methods. To carry out restriction digestion of the DNA samples isolated from above mentioned sources using the restriction enzyme EcoRI (G|AATTC) and identify individuals based on the pattern of restriction banding and to ascertain the applicability of the restriction digestion in forensics MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood, saliva, betel quid and buccal swab were collected from 15 patients and DNA isolation was done by phenol-chloroform method and chelexmethod. DNA fingerprinting was carried out using EcoRI restriction enzyme. RESULTS:  DNA could be extracted from residues of saliva, DNA fingerprinting done with the isolated DNA was able to match with those of individuals. Chelex method was found to be more efficient than the Phenol-chloroform method KEY WORDS: Betel Quid, Chelex method, DNA,DNA fingerprinting,Phenol chloroform method Introduction DNA fingerprinting  has ascertained an increasingly imperative role towards decision making in judiciary. DNA tests have helped convict suspects, to exonerate suspects or overturned previous convictions. Scientific evidences such as fingerprints, blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire tracks, and other physical evidence at the crime scene can be a more riveting to a tribunal than the testimony of an eyewitness. DNA is more suitable because DNA remains scathe lessin challenging environments where such evidence is found. The DNA molecule holds an impressive dependability to withstand time. 1 DNA profiling compares the DNA fragment lengths and patterns. The isolated DNA from the samples is fragmented using a restriction enzyme. Then the length of the resulting fragments is determined by electrophoresis and comparedby a visual interpretation of the pattern of DNA bands. 2 DNA can be sourced from freshblood, fresh or dried human buccalswabs, soft tissue, saliva and salivary stains. Optimizing the methodology in DNA extraction from various sources have been tried by many studies. Minute quantities of saliva allows establishing DNAprofile. 3DNA has been proven to be isolated from cell samples from objects that was in contact with the body and from sources like chewing gums, cigarettes, bite marks in foods, among others. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis provides details of the DNA which is referred as a DNA fingerprint. As DNA is unique to every individual, analyzing the sequence helps in identification of specific patterns of each individual. DNA profile is considered as valid evidence in the court of law for paternity disputes and human identification. Standardization of DNA extraction technique will improve the reliability and speed up sample processing time. 4-6 Limited availability of biological samples in a crime scenechallenges the procedure of extraction , characterization and analysis of DNA. Furthermore, difficulty arises in retrieving DNA from stains and degraded samples which provide contaminated or poor qualityDNA. Hence, purification of DNA from samples is still a significant step in obtaining useful genotypes. Notwithstanding, tremendous advances have been made in the recent times in DNA testing. 7 Chewed betel quid (BQ) stains are encountered frequently on crime scenes in Southeast Asian countries. Though the quid presents as an important biological evidence, the forensic analysis using betel quid as an evidence has been impeded due to difficulty in extraction of human DNA . Hence, constituting a definite method for extracting DNA from chewed Betel quid residues is of paramount importance. 8 Saliva found on victims of several violent crimes is a potential source of DNA. They can be recovered from bite marks, cigarette butts, betel quid, postage stamps, envelopes and other objects. However , salivary stains usually dry up easily becoming invisible, making recognition and collection difficult. Among the various biological sources available, salivary analysis have great discriminatory power and can be incorporated into a criminal investigation . Improvisation of DNA extraction procedures will improve its reliability and also help to expedite the process. The present study aims to isolate DNA from blood, saliva (under different conditions) by phenol chloroform method and chelex method and to find the efficacy of these methods in extraction of DNA from traces of saliva. 9,10 ISOLATION OF DNAFROM BLOOD AND SALIVA BY PHENOL CHLOROFORM METHOD : The DNA was extracted with an equal volume of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol. This mixture was centrifuged at 10000rpm for 5 minutes. The aqueous phase was collected and extracted with chloroform: isoamyl alcohol mixture and centrifuged at 10000rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to a new microfuge tube and 0. 6 volume of isopropanol was added. The spongy white precipitate was transferred to a microfuge tube and added equal volume of ethanol was added. Then it was centrifuged at 10000rpm at room temperature for 10 minutes. The supernatant was drained and to the pellet 100 µL of TE buffer was added stored at 4 °C. ISOLATION OF DNAFROM BLOOD AND SALIVA BY CHELEX METHOD: 0. 5 ml of whole blood was collected in 2 ml tube and the cells are harvested by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 3 min. at 4 °C. The supernatant was discarded. 0. 8 ml TBP buffer was added to the collection tube, vortexed gently, then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes, supernatant was discarded. The next stepwas continued if the blood pellet looks mauve 0. 5 ml of TBM buffer was added to the tube, and vortexed followed by addition of 3  µLof proteinase K and incubated at 55 °C for 30 minutes. The sample was centrifuged for 2 minutes at 5000 rpm and the supernatant saved to 2 ml tube and then added 260  µL of absolute ethanol. The mixture was applied to EZ-10 column, centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 minute; discarded the flow in the collection tube. 500  µL of wash solution was added and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 1 minute. This step was repeated spin at 8000 rpm for an additional minute to remove residual amount of wash solution. The column was placed into a clean 1. 5 ml microfuge tube and 30  µL of elution buffer was added into the center part of membrane . The tube was incubated at 50 °C for 2 minutes centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 1 minute to elute the DNA from the column The standards and samples were removed from the freezer and thawed. In a separate sterile 1. 5 ml microfuge tube for each standard/sample, 10  µl of DNA was mixed with 990  µl of D. I. water and vortexed . The solution was allowed to stand for 10 minutes to ensure the complete diffusion of DNA throughout the solution. This represents a 1:100 dilution of the standards and the DNA samples. B. DNAquantification The DNA sample was briefly vortexed and the solution wastransfered to the cuvette of the spectrophotometer with care not to create bubbles. The cuvette is inserted into the spec ensuring the correct face of the cuvette is in line the light beam. . An absorbance reading appears on the screen . Reading is continued until all standards and samples have been quantified. The concentration of DNA in the sample is determined according to the conversion factor (A260 of 1. 0 = 50  µg ml-1 DNA). The concentration of DNA in the sample can be read as  µg/mL using the conversion factor and dilution factor . RESTRICTION DIGESTION: Restriction enzyme buffer was vortexed before pipetting to ensure that it was well-mixed and was added to the tube . Appropriate amount of DNA to be cut wasvortexed before pipetting to ensure that it was well-mixed and was added to the tube. After vortexingthe enzyme to ensure that it was well-mixed 1 ÃŽ ¼L of enzyme EcoRIwas added. The mixture is placed in thermal cycler (Eppendorf) for2-3 hour incubation at 37 °C . To heat inactivate the enzyme the mixture is maintained at 80 °C for 20 min. The mixture is kept at 4 °C until the reaction mixture is out of the thermal cycler. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Protocol Preparation of the agarose gel 1. 25 g Agarose powder was taken in 500 ml flask and 125 ml of TAE Buffer was added to it. The mixture is melted in hot water bath till a clear solution forms. The solution is allowed to cool to a temperature of 50-55 °C by periodic swirling to achieve even cooling. To it ethidium bromide solution was added. The ends of the casting tray are sealed with two layers of tape. The combs are placed in the gel casting tray. The melted agarose solution was poured into the casting tray and allowed to cool until it is solid. The comb and the tape are removed carefully. The gel is placed in the electrophoresis chamber. 2-3 mm of TAEBuffer is added over the gel. Loading the gel 6 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of 6X Sample Loading Buffer is added to each DNA sample containing tubes. 20 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of each sample is pipetted into separate wells in the gel. 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of the DNA ladder standard is pippeted into one well of each row on the gel. Running the gel The lid is place on the gel box, the electrode wires are connected to the power supply. The power supply is turned on to about 100 volts. To ensure the correct direction of the current, the movement of the blue loading dye is checked. The power supply is continued till the blue dye approaches the end of the gel. The wires are disconnected from the power supply. The lid is removed from the electrophoresis chamber. Using gloves, gel is carefully removed and observed in a transilluminator for the DNA bands. RESULTS: Isolation of DNA was done from blood ,fresh saliva, saliva stored at -20 °C, saliva stored at 37 °C for 24hrs ,buccal swab and betel quid by both the phenol-chloroform method and the chelex method. . Gel electrophoresis of the isolated genomic DNA was carried out on 0. 8% agarose gel. (figure 1) After restriction digestion electrophoresis gel is prepared to run and to identify the number of bands. DNA samplesobtained from blood were labelled as Aband subsequently as Bb,Cb, DbEbas shown in table 2. DNA obtained from fresh saliva were labelled as As,Bs, Cs, Ds,Es. DNA obtained from saliva stored at -20 degree were labeled as AfsBfsCfsDfs. Efs. DNA obtained from saliva stored at room temperature were labelled as Ads,BdsCdsDdsEds DNA obtained from bloodof 5 individuals was made to run in the well marked 1 to 5 in a uniform manner ie DNA obtained from the first individual named as Ab, was made to run in well No. 1 . DNA obtained from second individual named as Bb was made to run in well No. 2 DNA obtained from third individual named as Cb was made to run in well No . 3. DNA obtained from fourth individual named as Db was made to run in as well No- 4. DNA obtained from Fifth individual namedEbwas made to run in well No. 5. (table 2) But while running DNA obtained from saliva of different sources the order was changed randomly. For example DNA isolated from fresh saliva for the first individual (As) instead of being run in the first well ie well No -6 was made to run in the third well( well no 8) and DNA isolated from saliva stored at -20 degree for the first individual(Afs) instead of being run in the first well ie well No-11was made to run in the third well (well No. 13)and DNA isolated from saliva stored at room temperature for the first individual(Ads) instead of being run in the first well ie well No-16 was made to run in the fifth well (well No. 20). Likewise DNA isolated from different sources of saliva of different individuals made to run in different wells and the number of bands produced is identified . From the figure 1 it could be identified that the well number 1,8 ,13,20 corresponding to DNA isolated from the first individual from various sources named Ab AsAfs Ads identified by the yellow arrow has uniformly three bands. For the well number 2,7,14,19 corresponding to DNA isolated from the second individual from various sources named BbBsBfsBds identified by the blue arrow has uniformly 6 bands . various DNA isolated from the fifth individual from various sources namedEbEsEfsEds identified by the green arrow has uniformly 4 bands . From the above figure itcould be identified that the well number 1,10 corresponding to DNA isolated from different source for the first individual named Ab,AbS,identified by the yellow arrow has uniformly four bands. For the well number 2 and 6 corresponding to DNA isolated from second individual from blood and buccal swab named BbBbSl identified by the blue arrow has uniformly 6 bands . For the well number 3 and 7corresponding to DNA isolated from third individual from blood and buccal swab namedCbCbS identified by the red arrow has uniformly 5 bands . For the well number 4and 8 corresponding to DNA isolated from fourth individual from blood and buccal swab named DbDbs,identified by the aqua arrow has uniformly 7 bands. For the well number 5and 9 corresponding to DNA isolated from fifth individual from blood and buccal swab named EbEbsE identified by the green arrow has uniformly 8 bands . This shows that DNA obtained from an individual from blood and buccal swab produce uniform banding pattern. This shows that DNA obtained from an individual from various source produce uniform banding pattern . Identification of individual from traces of saliva which could be used for forensic application -Extraction of DNA from Buccal swab. Restriction digestion with Ecor-1 from extracted DNA obtained from above mentioned source has been done for identifying individuals. Blood was used as a control and compared with DNA bands from buccal swab. A total of 10 wells were created. DNA obtained from blood wer e labeled as Ab, Bb,Cb, Db,Ebas shown in tab 3. DNA obtained from Buccal swab were labeled as Abs,Bbs, Cbs, Dbs, Ebs. DNA obtained from blood from 5 individuals was made to run in the well marked 1 to 5 in a uniform manner. But while running DNA obtained from buccal swab the order was changed randomly. For example DNA isolated from buccal swab for the first individual (Abs) instead of being run in the first well ie well No -6 was made to run in the fifth well( well no 10). Likewise DNA isolated from buccal swab of different individuals was made to run in different wells and the number of bands produced is identified Different methods of DNA extraction is been followed in that, most widely used is phenol chloroform method . Many new methods of DNA extraction have been tried. The chelex method is one among then . To know the efficacy of the chelex method it was compared with that of phenol chloroform method. Of the two methods studied the chelex method proved to be more easy to handle and less time consuming in addition to yieds higher amount of DNA and is proved by quantification with U. V spectrometer as shown in fig. 2. DISCUSSION: Forensic odontology is a branch of forensics which analyses stains and organic liquids from the oral cavity or its contents, bite mark comparison, investigation of trauma and oral injuries such as personal injury cases, and dental malpractice. The fundamental requirement of a criminal investigation is that the victim and aggressor should be positively identified. Forensic dentistry aids in the forensic process by comparing the deceaseds dentition with that of previous dental records or by facilitating to shape the profile of an individual in terms of age at the time of death, sex and phylogeny to aid in identification. 11,12 Saliva has been a potential source of identification and is usually found in bite marks, cigarette butts, betel quid, postage stamps, envelopes and other objects. The first phase of the study intended to isolate DNA from saliva (under different conditions), by phenol-chloroform method and chelex method and compare the yield with that of blood . The second objective was to find out efficacy of these methods in extraction of DNA from traces of saliva ie from Buccal swab, and from Betel quid and which could be used for forensic application. 8 The presence of residues are considerably important as biological evidences, but forensic analysis of such evidences has been hindered by failures in extraction of human DNA. Consequently, it is indispensable in forensic science to establish a reliable method for extracting DNA from samples collected at the crime site. The most important objective was whether individuals can be identifed from samples of different source and to ascertain the applicability of the restriction digestion in forensics. 13,14 Blood was taken as control, saliva was divided into 3 parameters ie from fresh saliva, from saliva stored at -20 degree for24 hr from saliva stored in room temperature for 24 hr’s were obtained . Identification of individual has been done with restriction enzyme EcoRI. . The isolated DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme EcoRI(G|AATTC)The digested DNA was run on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and the bands produced in each individuals DNA were scored and is proved that identification of individual can also be done by DNA fingerprinting or profiling. Agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to their size. The most important objective was whether individuals can be identified from samples of different source and to ascertain the applicability of the restriction digestion in forensics. 16 DNA fingerprinting is a technique that is used to represent like and unlike DNA that is present in different individuals. Nucleotide sequences which show significant variation from one individual to another are taken into consideration. 17The most important objective of the study was to ascertain whether individuals can be identified from samples of different source and to ascertain the applicability of the restriction digestion in forensics and the last objective was toCompare the DNA yield from manual and kit method. To prove that DNA could be extracted from traces of saliva , Buccal swab and Beetal quid was used . DNA could be extracted from buccal swab,beetal quid and quantification was done with U. V spectrometer. Comparison of DNA isolated from all the samples collected from all the individual using two different procedures has been done and comparison of yield of different sources showed the kit method to be more effective . Use of biological evidences like saliva, buccal swab and betel quid are compromised due to the quandary in extraction of human DNA. The present study had proved to establish a reliable method for extracting DNA from samples collected from different sources of saliva and from traces of salivary stains which was comparable to bloodin proving identification. Samples collected from different sources of saliva and from traces of salivary stains can also be assessed by DNA fingerprinting or profiling which is based on the fact that DNA is unique to every individual .

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India and Virg

Comparing Relationships in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India and Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India and Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse are concerned with the lack of intimacy in relationships. Forster’s novel is set in English-run India, the difference between race and culture being the center of disharmony. Woolf’s novel is set in a family’s summer house, the difference between genders being the center of disharmony. Despite this difference of scale, the disharmonies are much the same. Unity and intimacy are intertwined in both novels. Whereas the definitions of intimacy vary with each person, all of the characters strive for unity through their relations with others. The difference in ideas of intimacy are what prevent unity from being achieved. For the Indians, intimacy is a sharing of possessions and personal information that acknowledges equality. For the English, intimacy is similarity of background and allegiance. Thus, Heaslop tells his mother that he made a mistake by asking one of the Pleaders to sm oke with him because the Pleader then told all the litigants that he was in with the City Magistrate (Forster, 20). To the Pleader, this sharing of cigarettes and leisure time is an act of intimacy because it seems an acknowledgement of equality. To Heaslop, this is only a friendly act of social convention because equality is based on race and class, is something inherent, not given. The idea of intimacy as unity is a strain throughout A Passage to India. When Aziz thinks of his wife on the anniversary of her death, he wonders if he shall meet her in an afterlife, but does not have specific faith in an afterlife. He believes that â€Å"God’s unity was indubitable and indubitably ... ...ziz is frustrated that his attempt at conciliation is not successful. Unity requires intimacy because intimacy is an acknowledgement of equality. Only when one transcends limitations of gender and race, extends oneself beyond social codes that emphasize division can true unity be achieved. Both authors end their novels with an insinuation of a future that will be friendlier to intimacy and unity: Lily finally achieves unity in her painting and the final words of the land to Aziz and Fielding are â€Å"’No, not yet†¦No, not there.† (Forster, 282). Sometime, somewhere the English and the Indians will unite and man and woman will achieve gendered unity within the self. Works Cited Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. London: Everyman’s Library, 1991. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960.

Espana – creative writing

It was the first time I had seen a large wound, well the first I had remembered, and the first I would never forget. We were on holiday, the perfect holiday from my point of view. There were about twenty of us, varying in age, some from Birmingham, a couple from America but the majority from London. We were going on a road trip, ultimately to Spain but stopping on the way in Dijon, France. As incredible this holiday was starting to sound, the finest part to me was probably the fact that my parents were not here. I had come with my hyperactive 18 year old brother, my cousin who was a medical student, my two aunts, one of whom had brought her grandson along, my beloved nephew. I don't think I can remember a single moment where I wasn't laughing, smiling or simply enjoying the company of my family and the many friends we had made. The journey was astounding; it became one of those trips that could never be able to forget. Stopping in Dijon for a couple of days was amazing. It was the little things that made it unique, for instance my cousin, brother and I would take my nephew, Prem for walks in a stunning rose garden that was simply tranquil. He would want to be with us everywhere, reminding us of ourselves when we were younger and innocent, just he seemed to have five times as much energy as we did. Spain was an experience of wonder. From the people, the night life, foods, activities and that feeling I felt throughout the trip of sheer freedom. It seemed to be absolutely perfect, from the swimming pools to the beach nearby and the balconies that overlooked the entire city that just lit up at night. Being is such a magnificent place, it automatically made me get to know the people I had come with to a great extent. Having this great bond between us all, certainly made us experience Spain just that bit more. In fact, they had made an intense itinerary of things to do for the upcoming week; cram packed with everything you could possibly to in Spain. They had arranged places of great interest that sounded exceedingly pleasurable, but something else had caught my fascination and made be completely obsessed for the next week. It was the swimming pool, including the attached slides, diving facilities, an island with a connecting bridge and a general contemporary look that made it seem as if it was a pool from the next century. Addicted, is the only word that could describe me and my new passion for simply swimming for hours on end, feeding this new obsession of mine. It was here where I learnt how to do my first back flip dive, here where I found out that my swimming shorts could actually drop off if I was not careful, and here where I met my new friend Sarah. She had come to Spain every year for the past 6 years and being Flemish, communication was quite a task but it seemed worth it. We had become inseparable, giving me some of my most treasured memories, one of which was our incessant trips to the swings. I had a new blissful life full of ecstasy, one I would not want to ever give up. I still remember everyday day and moment of the idyllic time I had there. I can distinctively recall upon one day in particular. One I rather forget. It was the three days before I had to leave the resort and that morning, we got up and went straight into the swimming pool. Living life to the greatest, we were enjoying everything we possibly could. Doing our usual routine; Prem, Sarah and I were just taking pleasure in messing about in the pool. Sarah seemed to have gone swimming so much from her various holidays; she had learnt a few tricks. They were astonishing and she tried teaching them to me. Of course I wasn't the best at water gymnastics, but I tried hard and managed to learn some fragments! Soon enough I had got a decent trick of diving into the pool doing a half summersault. Ecstatic about my new accomplishment I forgot about Prem. He was at the back of my mind but to me he would just be playing around, kicking water while staying afloat from armbands. The next thing I remember was when I saw him, climb out of the pool, with some difficulty and strike a pose the way I did when I was just about to do my new diving trick. He shouted right across the pool to where I was and screamed, ‘Hey, Shradha look at me! ‘. That's when I froze. He definitely was not going to be able to make it and the edge of the pool was lined in a fashionable but extremely unpractical layer of sharp broken stones and sand merged together. In a matter of seconds I watched him jump, watched him scrape his shin deep as he twisted and watched him land in the water. At that point I swam as fast as I possibly could to him and jumped out of the pool, pulling him up as well. At this moment it hit me how no one we knew was here but had taken a trip to the beach, how I was left in charge of him and how I had been so irresponsible. As I examined his wound, I saw the deep gash in his leg between his knee and foot, and saw the blood trickling out. That was when a colossal wave of both guilt and worry hit me at once. Along with panic, it was a terrible combination. I was a mess of emotions that clouded my thinking and just made me confused, panicked and flustered. I was trying to comfort Prem and luckily Sarah ran into the hotel and called for help, which came quite fast. She had been the much more practical one, thinking ahead and trying to help the situation. I felt that I could not have been any more negligent and inattentive and that I was to blame for every tear that rushed down his face. The hotel staff came and got him in a relatively stable position but said that Prem should go get it cleaned up and bandaged properly. The hotel managed to contact my aunts and I didn't even know, as I was too wrapped up in other problems. In a matter of what felt like two minutes, my aunts came and saw Prem's leg. Being a doctor, my aunt inspected his leg and succeeded to rustle up a variety of things from the Hotel Staff and Manager. By now I had handed Prem over, and watched as he was being dealt with. I was simply amazed at his courage and bravery. He had stopped crying completely. Even when he was with me, I had not heard a complaint, moan or any sign of making things a hundred things worse than it was. I was learning so much from him, in such a short space of time. The whole incident seemed to have gone in a matter of minuets, but I had felt so many emotions flow through me. It was one of those days I would never forget, and from that day forward I understood so much more about my nephew. How he faced that day made me look at him from another light. For the next day, he complained about wanting to go swimming again. Also, when we got back to France, my cousin, brother and I would once again take my nephew, for walks in stunning rose and lilly gardens because he begged us to take him and never once did we refuse him.

The Jennifer Hudson Family Murder Case

On October 24, 2008, the bodies of Academy Award-winning actress Jennifer Hudsons mother and brother were found in the familys home on Chicagos South Side. Shot to death was Hudsons mother, Darnell Donerson, and her brother, Jason Hudson. Missing from the home was Julian King, the son of Jennifers sister Julia Hudson. Three days later the body of 7-year-old Julian, Hudsons nephew, was found in the back seat of an SUV parked on the West Side. He also had been shot. A .45-caliber gun found near the parked SUV was linked to all of the shooting deaths. The SUV was later confirmed to be that of Hudsons murdered brother, Justin King. A gun was also found in a vacant lot in the same neighborhood as the SUV, police said. The case drew national attention because of the fame of family member Jennifer Hudson, who won the best-supporting-actress Academy Award for her 2007 role in the film Dreamgirls. Hudson first gained fame after she was ousted on season three of the television talent show American Idol. Julias Estranged Husband Questioned William Balfour, the estranged husband of Julia Hudson, was taken into custody the day the first two bodies were found and held for 48 hours. He was then taken into custody by the Illinois Department of Corrections on a suspected parole violation. Balfour married Julia Hudson in 2006 but had been separated at the time of the shootings. He was thrown out of the Hudson home by Julias mother in the winter of 2007, according to reports. He denied any involvement with the Hudson case and denied statements that he had been seen with a gun, but remained in police custody. Balfour served almost seven years in prison after being convicted of attempted murder, vehicular hijacking and possession of a stolen vehicle. He was on parole at the time that the murder took place. Brother-in-Law Arrested Balfour was arrested at Stateville Correctional Center where he was being held on parole violation charges. Prosecutors believed that the shootings at the Hudson family home were the result of an argument Balfour had with Julia about another man. Investigators learned that Balfour tried to get a former girlfriend, Brittany Acoff-Howard, to provide him with a false alibi for the day that the murders occurred.   Im Going to Kill Your Family According to court records, Balfour threatened to kill members of Hudsons family on at least two dozen occasions before the three murders in October 2008. Assistant States Attorney James McKay said the threats began shortly after Balfour and his wife Julia Hudson broke up and he moved out of the family house. McKay said Balfour told Julia, If you ever leave me, Im going to kill you, but Im going to kill your family first. You will be the last to die. Jury Selection After answering questions about their knowledge of singer and actress Jennifer Hudson, 12 jurors and six alternates were chosen for the trial. Potential jurors in the trial were given questionnaires which asked if they were familiar with Hudsons career, if they regularly watched American Idol, and even if they were members of Weight Watchers, a weight-loss program for which Hudson is a celebrity spokesperson.   The jury was composed of 10 women and eight men and was racially diverse. While waiting for opening statements to begin a month later, Judge Charles Burns asked the jurors not to watch the television show American Idol, because Hudson was scheduled to make an appearance on an upcoming episode. The Trial During opening statements, Balfours defense attorney told jurors that police targeted him for the crime because they were under pressure to solve quickly what they knew would become a high-profile case, because of Jennifer Hudsons notoriety. Defense attorney Amy Thompson also told the jury that DNA found on the gun and fingerprints found in the SUV, in which Julians body was found three days later, did not match Balfour. Balfour pleaded not guilty to the charges and claimed he was nowhere near the house when the murders occurred. We Didnt Like How He Treated Her None of us wanted her to marry him [Balfour], Jennifer Hudson told the jury, We did not like how he treated her. Jennifer Hudsons sister Julia testified that Balfour was so jealous that he would even become angry when her son Julian kissed his mother. He would tell the 7-year-old, Get off my wife, she testified. Brittany Acoff Howard testified that William Balfour asked her to cover for him  for Oct. 24, 2008, the day Hudsons family members were killed.  Howard told jurors that Balfour helped buy her a prom dress and treated her like a little sister. He told me that if anybody asks you, Ive been out west all day, Acoff Howard said. In response to a specific prosecution witness, she said Balfour had asked her to lie for him. No DNA, But Gunshot Residue Illinois State Police evidence analyst Robert Berk told jurors that gunshot residue was found on the steering wheel of Balfours vehicle and the ceiling of the Suburban. His testimony followed that of another analyst, Pauline Gordon, who said no traces of Balfours DNA were found on the murder weapon, but that did not mean he never handled the gun. Some people shed skin cells faster, Gordon said. Gloves could have been worn. Guilty The jury deliberated 18 hours before finding Balfour guilty on three counts of murder and several other charges in connection with the October 24, 2008, deaths Darnell Donerson; Jason Hudson; and her 7-year-old nephew Julian King. After the verdict, jury members described the process they used during their almost 18 hours of deliberations. First, they voted on whether each witness was credible or not. Then they created a timeline of the crime to compare it with the alibi Balfours attorneys outlined during the trial. When the jury got around to taking its first vote, it was 9 to 3 in favor of conviction. Some of us tried our best to make him innocent, but the facts just werent there, juror Tracie Austin told reporters. Sentencing Before he was sentenced, Balfour was allowed to make a statement. In it, he offered condolences to the Hudson family but maintained his innocence. My deepest prayers go out to Julian King, Balfour said. I loved him. I still love him. Im innocent your honor. Under Illinois law, Balfour faced mandatory life without parole sentences for the multiple murders.  Illinois law does not allow death penalty sentences under any circumstances. You have the heart of an arctic night, Judge Burns told Balfour at his sentencing hearing. Your soul is as barren as dark space. Balfour was sentenced to life without parole. Grateful for Support Grammy and Academy Award-winning Hudson sobbed and leaned on her fiances shoulder as the jury verdict was read. She attended every day of the 11-day trial. In a statement, Jennifer and her sister Julia offered their gratitude: We have felt the love and support from people all over the world and were very grateful, the statement said. We want to extend a prayer from the Hudson family to the Balfour family. We have all suffered a terrible loss in this tragedy. They said they were praying that the Lord will forgive Mr. Balfour of these heinous acts and bring his heart into repentance someday. Balfour Continues to Deny Involvement In February 2016,  Balfour  talked was interviewed by  Chuck Goudie of  WLS-TV, ABC7s sister station in Chicago. This was his first publicized interview since his conviction. During the interview, Balfour stated that his conviction was due to a large conspiracy that included the police, witnesses, and lawyers and that he had nothing to do with the murders. When asked about why  7-year-old  Julian King was murdered, Balfours answer was chilling: Balfour: ...It could have been a wrong place at the wrong time, the person who come in there to kill somebody dont kill who they kill. If you are a witness and you can identify somebody, they can say I killed him because he could have identified me but thats not the case.Goudie: That 7-year-old boy could have identified you.Balfour: That what I said earlier, that he could identify me and thats why he got killed. Or he killed him because he could identify him. Now Julian was smart, he could remember faces. In response to the interview, the Chicago Police Department said: CPD stands firmly behind our investigation which was based exclusively on facts and evidence in this senseless murder. Balfour is currently serving his time in  Stateville Correctional Center  near  Joliet, Illinois.